SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    5669, 5808, 6447, 8261, 5048, 2701, 3769, 
    4099, 4546, 5247, 5306, 5382, 5525, 
    5555, 5580, 5679, 5770, 6522, 8338, 
    5220, 5321, 3568, 3642, 3745
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00145

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "61.21"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 69,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 69,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "index_condition": "(`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (5669,5808,6447,8261,5048,2701,3769,4099,4546,5247,5306,5382,5525,5555,5580,5679,5770,6522,8338,5220,5321,3568,3642,3745))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "30.16",
              "eval_cost": "6.90",
              "prefix_cost": "37.06",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "17.25",
              "eval_cost": "0.35",
              "prefix_cost": "61.21",
              "data_read_per_join": "10K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids
2701 329,166,457M
3568 167,166,354M
3642 423,166,449M
3745 423,166,448M
3769 166,423,448M
4099 219,507M
4546 167,166,519M
5048 234,166,559M
5220 372,550M
5247 328,402,407,359,361,166,250,413M
5306 372,552,550M
5321 372,552,550M
5382 538,521,539M
5525 466,372,576M
5555 554,553,250,552,372,556M
5580 553,555,250,562,557,552,372,560M
5669 566,372,596M
5679 566,372,596M
5770 372,583M
5808 308,387,250,350,166,383M
6447 174,453,372,166,454,190M
6522 475M
8261 637M
8338 631M