SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    2739, 2740, 2741, 2800, 2801, 2860, 2880, 
    2881, 3014, 3015, 3023, 3024, 3099, 
    3100, 3160, 3161, 3366, 3367, 3404, 
    3405, 3423, 3422, 4476, 4475, 4888, 
    4891, 4892
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00208

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "63.56"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 71,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 71,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "index_condition": "(`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (2739,2740,2741,2800,2801,2860,2880,2881,3014,3015,3023,3024,3099,3100,3160,3161,3366,3367,3404,3405,3423,3422,4476,4475,4888,4891,4892))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "31.61",
              "eval_cost": "7.10",
              "prefix_cost": "38.71",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "17.75",
              "eval_cost": "0.36",
              "prefix_cost": "63.56",
              "data_read_per_join": "11K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids
2739 329,166,457M
2740 329,166,457M
2741 329,166,457M
2800 329,166,344M
2801 329,166,344M
2860 329,166,344M
2880 329,166,344M
2881 329,166,344M
3014 329,166,344M
3015 166,329,344M
3023 329,166,344M
3024 166,329,344M
3099 329,166,344M
3100 329,166,344M
3160 329,166,344M
3161 329,166,344M
3366 329,166,344M
3367 329,166,344M
3404 329,166,344M
3405 329,166,344M
3422 329,166,457M
3423 329,166,457M
4475 250,399,329,166,400M
4476 250,166,399,329,400M
4888 329,166,457M
4891 329,166,457M
4892 329,166,457M