SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 382 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    4279, 4294, 1665, 4193, 1664, 4058, 4226, 
    4275, 4195, 4225, 4239, 4191, 4233, 
    4410, 4209, 4429, 4411, 4451, 4255, 
    4244, 4263, 4238
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00268

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "126.26"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 105,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 105,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "index_condition": "(`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (4279,4294,1665,4193,1664,4058,4226,4275,4195,4225,4239,4191,4233,4410,4209,4429,4411,4451,4255,4244,4263,4238))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "42.26",
              "eval_cost": "10.50",
              "prefix_cost": "52.76",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4.cscart_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 105,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "26.25",
              "eval_cost": "10.50",
              "prefix_cost": "89.51",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 5,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "26.25",
              "eval_cost": "0.53",
              "prefix_cost": "126.26",
              "data_read_per_join": "16K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids position
1664 308,350,386,250,166,382M 0
1665 308,350,386,250,166,382M 0
4058 386,308,350,250,166,382M 0
4191 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4193 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4195 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4209 308,386,250,350,166,382M 0
4225 308,386,250,350,166,382M 0
4226 308,386,250,350,166,382M 0
4233 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4238 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4239 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4244 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4255 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4263 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4275 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4279 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4294 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4410 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4411 386,308,350,250,166,382M 0
4429 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0
4451 386,308,250,350,166,382M 0