SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    5290, 5271, 5277, 5284, 5287, 5281, 5270, 
    5278, 5272, 5276, 5285, 5265, 5288, 
    5263, 5289, 5266, 5262, 5282, 5275, 
    5264, 5283, 5268, 5274, 5273
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00190

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "130.81"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 156,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 156,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "index_condition": "(`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (5290,5271,5277,5284,5287,5281,5270,5278,5272,5276,5285,5265,5288,5263,5289,5266,5262,5282,5275,5264,5283,5268,5274,5273))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "60.61",
              "eval_cost": "15.60",
              "prefix_cost": "76.21",
              "data_read_per_join": "2K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 7,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "39.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.78",
              "prefix_cost": "130.81",
              "data_read_per_join": "24K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids
5262 372,557,555,553,552,250,563,561M
5263 563,553,555,557,372,250,552,561M
5264 250,372,553,552,563,557,555,561M
5265 372,250,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5266 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5268 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5270 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5271 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5272 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5273 372,250,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5274 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5275 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5276 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5277 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5278 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5281 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5282 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5283 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5284 400,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5285 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5287 372,250,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5288 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5289 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M
5290 250,372,563,557,555,553,552,561M