SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    5309, 5331, 5332, 10956, 10957, 10958, 
    10959, 10960, 11069, 11071, 11077, 
    11074, 11100, 11099, 11117, 11118, 
    11131, 11127, 11132, 11223, 11222, 
    11255, 11257, 11258, 11275, 11276, 
    11277, 11278, 11279, 11280, 11281, 
    5346, 11452, 11456, 11457
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00183

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "82.36"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 92,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 92,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "index_condition": "(`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (5309,5331,5332,10956,10957,10958,10959,10960,11069,11071,11077,11074,11100,11099,11117,11118,11131,11127,11132,11223,11222,11255,11257,11258,11275,11276,11277,11278,11279,11280,11281,5346,11452,11456,11457))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "40.96",
              "eval_cost": "9.20",
              "prefix_cost": "50.16",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "23.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.46",
              "prefix_cost": "82.36",
              "data_read_per_join": "14K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids
5309 554,553,250,372,552,556M
5331 552,250,553,554,372,556M
5332 552,250,553,554,372,556M
5346 554,553,250,372,552,556M
10956 667,666M
10957 667,666M
10958 667,666M
10959 667,666M
10960 667,666M
11069 668M
11071 668M
11074 668M
11077 668M
11099 668M
11100 668M
11117 573M
11118 573M
11127 573M
11131 573M
11132 573M
11222 556,554M
11223 556,554M
11255 556,554M
11257 556,554M
11258 556,554M
11275 556,554M
11276 556,554M
11277 556,554M
11278 556,554M
11279 556,554M
11280 556,554M
11281 556,554M
11452 599M
11456 599M
11457 599M