SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    5703, 4115, 5832, 1284, 1528, 1563, 1588, 
    6752, 5824, 1570, 3826, 2244, 2336, 
    5798, 3603, 2693, 3928, 6712, 3053, 
    8102, 2333, 2338, 5826, 2809
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00227

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "66.01"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 75,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 75,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "index_condition": "(`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (5703,4115,5832,1284,1528,1563,1588,6752,5824,1570,3826,2244,2336,5798,3603,2693,3928,6712,3053,8102,2333,2338,5826,2809))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "32.26",
              "eval_cost": "7.50",
              "prefix_cost": "39.76",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "18.75",
              "eval_cost": "0.38",
              "prefix_cost": "66.01",
              "data_read_per_join": "11K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids
1284 322,166,324M
1528 453,454,372,174,166,190M
1563 411,405,402,342,328,166,363M
1570 402,411,405,342,328,166,363M
1588 410,405,402,342,328,166,362M
2244 166,378,432M
2333 166,378,379M
2336 166,378,379M
2338 424,423,452,166M
2693 423,424,166M
2809 329,166,347M
3053 234,166,470M
3603 451,424,423,166M
3826 250,166,401,351,446M
3928 423,448,166M
4115 513,166,514M
5703 423,449,166M
5798 423,450,424,166M
5824 423,477,166M
5826 426,424,423,166M
5832 423,477,166M
6712 590M
6752 590M
8102 642M