SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    10594, 10599, 10614, 10616, 10617, 10626, 
    10641, 10643, 10645, 10651, 10655, 
    10683, 10684, 10697, 10698, 10969, 
    10971, 10985, 10998, 11001, 11007, 
    11042, 11051, 11053
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00118

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "27.61"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 27,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 27,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "index_condition": "(`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (10594,10599,10614,10616,10617,10626,10641,10643,10645,10651,10655,10683,10684,10697,10698,10969,10971,10985,10998,11001,11007,11042,11051,11053))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "15.46",
              "eval_cost": "2.70",
              "prefix_cost": "18.16",
              "data_read_per_join": "432"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "6.75",
              "eval_cost": "0.14",
              "prefix_cost": "27.61",
              "data_read_per_join": "4K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids
10594 620M
10599 617M
10614 618M
10616 618M
10617 618M
10626 618M
10641 620M
10643 620M
10645 620M
10651 620M
10655 617M
10683 618M
10684 618M
10697 620M
10698 620M
10969 372,572,582M
10971 467M
10985 574M
10998 574M
11001 573,575M
11007 573M
11042 578M
11051 574M
11053 587M