SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    5389, 5398, 5469, 5938, 5959, 4409, 4691, 
    4697, 4863, 5296, 5355, 5646, 6117, 
    11104, 3447, 3555, 3793, 4338, 4408, 
    4521, 4554, 4692, 5252, 5543
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00141

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "70.81"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
            "access_type": "range",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "pt",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 81,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 81,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "index_condition": "(`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_products_categories`.`product_id` in (5389,5398,5469,5938,5959,4409,4691,4697,4863,5296,5355,5646,6117,11104,3447,3555,3793,4338,4408,4521,4554,4692,5252,5543))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "34.36",
              "eval_cost": "8.10",
              "prefix_cost": "42.46",
              "data_read_per_join": "1K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_categories",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4.cscart_products_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
            "filtered": "5.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "20.25",
              "eval_cost": "0.41",
              "prefix_cost": "70.81",
              "data_read_per_join": "12K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or (0 <> find_in_set(0,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) or (0 <> find_in_set(1,`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`usergroup_ids`))) and (`softwarepirmam_hewadelivard_cscart_4`.`cscart_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids
3447 166,423,448M
3555 423,424,166M
3793 423,166,448M
4338 219,496,494M
4408 219,496,494M
4409 219,496,494M
4521 219,496M
4554 513,166,516M
4691 497,219,504M
4692 497,219,504M
4697 497,219,494M
4863 170,166,530M
5252 328,402,405,342,362,166,250,410M
5296 372,552,550M
5355 372,552,550M
5389 372,250,554,552,553,556M
5398 250,372,554,553,552,556M
5469 552,250,372,556,553,554M
5543 553,250,552,554,372,556M
5646 553,555,250,560,557,552,372,562M
5938 329,166,457M
5959 565,413,407,402,250,359,328,166,564,361M
6117 423,166,449M
11104 664M